List
of Papers for 2007:
(in reverse chronological order)
ESD-WP-2007-28
Stopping Pandemic Flu: Government and Community Interventions
in a Multi-Community Model
by
Karima R. Nigmatulina, MIT Operations Research Center, and
Richard C. Larson, MIT Engineering Systems and Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Engineering Systems Division
Focusing
on mitigation strategies for global pandemic influenza, we use
elementary mathematical models to evaluate the implementation
and timing of intervention strategies such as travel restrictions,
vaccination, social distancing and improved hygiene. A spreadsheet
model of infection spread between several linked heterogeneous
communities is based on analytical calculations and Monte Carlo
simulations. Since human behavior will likely change during the
course of a pandemic, thereby altering the dynamics of the disease,
we incorporate a feedback parameter into our model to reflect
altered behavior. Our results indicate that while a flu pandemic
could be devastating; there are coping methods that when implemented
quickly and correctly can significantly mitigate the severity
of a global outbreak.
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ESD-WP-2007-26
Measuring Systems Engineering Success:
Insights from Baseball
by
Craig Blackburn, MIT Lean Advancement Initiative and
Ricardo Valerdi, MIT Lean Advancement Initiative
Optimizing
the efficiency of socio-technical systems and determining accurate
measurements of performance is a critical issue in many systems
engineering enterprises. In our analysis we explore some of the
recurring themes of Michael Lewis’s study of baseball, depicted
in the best selling book Moneyball, and make the connection to
corresponding Systems Engineering principles of interest. The
paper will focus on the Systems Engineering roadmap inspired by
Lewis’ study for developing and refining a meaningful set
of metrics for organizational transformation. The following steps
are highlighted to convey this transformation with the assistance
of metrics: identify and understand value in the enterprise and
your organization; consider an integrated system focus in your
organization; use cost analysis methods to implement a strategy
for executing the transformation; and manage risk throughout operations
and improve the process continuously.
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ESD-WP-2007-25
Ranking the Risks from Multiple Hazards in a Small Community
by
Hua Li, MIT Engineering Systems Division;
George E. Apostolakis*, MIT Engineering Systems Division and
Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering;
Joseph Gifun, MIT Department of Facilities;
William
VanSchalkwyk, MIT Office of the Executive Vice President &
Treasurer;
Susan Leite, MIT Office of Environment, Health & Safety; and
David Barber, MIT Campus Police
Natural
hazards, human-induced accidents, and malicious acts have caused
great losses and disruptions to society. After September 11, 2001,
critical infrastructure protection has become a national focus
in the United States and is likely to remain one for the foreseeable
future. Damage to our infrastructures and assets could be mitigated
through pre-disaster planning and actions. We have developed a
systematic methodology to assess and rank the risks from these
multiple hazards in a community of 20,000 people. It is an interdisciplinary
study that includes probabilistic risk assessment, decision analysis,
and expert judgment. Scenarios are constructed to show how the
initiating events evolve into undesirable consequences. A value
tree, based on multi-attribute utility theory, is used to capture
the decision maker’s preferences about the impacts on the
infrastructures and other assets. The risks from random failures
are ranked according to their Expected Performance Index, which
is the product of frequency, probability, and consequence of a
scenario. Risks from malicious acts are ranked according to their
Performance Index as the frequency of attack is not available.
A deliberative process is used to capture the factors that could
not be addressed in the analysis and to scrutinize the results.
This methodology provides a framework for the development of a
risk-informed decision strategy. Although this study uses the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus as a test-bed, it
is a general methodology that could be used by other similar communities
and municipalities.
*Corresponding
author
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ESD-WP-2007-24
Decision Support and Systems Interoperability in Global Business
Management
by
Shoumen Palit Austin Datta, Engineering Systems Division, MIT
and MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation;
JrJung Lyu and Ping-Shun Chen, Department of Industrial and Information
Management, National Cheng Kung University
Globalization
of business and volatility of financial markets has catapulted
‘cycle-time’ as a key indicator of operational efficiency
in business processes. Systems automation holds the promise to
augment the ability of business and healthcare networks to rapidly
adapt to changes or respond, with minimal human intervention,
under ideal conditions. Currently, system of systems (SOS) or
organization of networks contribute minimally in making decisions
because collaboration remains elusive due the challenges of complexity.
Convergence and maturity of research offers the potential for
a paradigm shift in interoperability. This paper explores some
of these trends and related technologies. Irrespective of the
characteristics of information systems, the development of various
industry-contributed ontologies for knowledge and decision layers,
may spur self-organizing SOS to increase the ability to sense
and respond. Profitability from pervasive use of ontological frameworks
and agent-based modeling may depend on the ability to use them
through better enterprise and extraprise exchange.
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ESD-WP-2007-23
Congestion Pricing: A Parking Queue Model
by
Richard C. Larson, Center for Engineering Systems Fundamentals,
MIT, and Katsunobu Sasanuma, MIT
Congestion
pricing imposes a usage fee on a public resource during times
of high demand. Road pricing involves cordoning
off a section of the city and imposing a fee on vehicles that
enter it. Parking pricing increases the costs
of on-street and perhaps off-street parking. Following an historical
review, we develop a new queueing model of the parking pricing
problem, recognizing that many urban drivers are simply looking
for available on-street parking. Often, reducing the number of
such “cruising drivers” would reduce urban road congestion
dramatically, perhaps as effectively as cordoning off the center
city.
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ESD-WP-2007-22
Pandemic Flu: Yes, We Can Do Something About It!
by
Richard C. Larson, Center for Engineering Systems Fundamentals,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The emergence
of influenza with virulence comparable to the famous 1918-1919
“Spanish Flu” has the potential to kill hundreds of
millions of people worldwide. Should we find ourselves being forced
to ‘live with the flu,’ it is imperative that we recognize
that there are things that we can do – many simple –
that may decrease the chance of our loved ones, our co-workers
and ourselves becoming infected with the flu. The key is to decrease
the number of new infections created by each newly infected person.
And this relates to mathematical modeling of the disease, a very
simple example of which is shown here.
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ESD-WP-2007-21
A Novel Engineering Systems Approach for Bioengineering Education:
the MIT-Portugal Collaboration
by
Junjay Tan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
Dava J. Newman , Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
Joaquim M.S. Cabral, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering;
Manuel Mota, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; and
Manuel Nunes da Ponte, 5Instituto de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica
This paper
discusses the importance of an engineering systems approach to
international bioengineering education and how a new educational
research program, the MIT-Portugal Program Bioengineering Systems
focus area, aims to develop future global bioengineering leaders.
The program, comprising both post-graduate advanced studies and
doctoral programs, commences in September 2007. Several other
international-collaborative educational and research programs—such
as the Cambridge-MIT Institute, the Singapore MIT Alliance, and
the Socrates/Erasmus “Erasmus Programme”—offer
lessons learned in international collaboration. The MPP Bioengineering
Systems program differs from these programs in several respects.
The unique collaboration in MPP offers an engineering systems
approach, a joint degree offered by three Portuguese universities,
and collaborative teaching and research efforts between MIT and
Portuguese faculty and students.
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ESD-WP-2007-20
Protecting the Force: Reducing Combat Vehicle Accidents via Improved
Organizational Processes
by
Nathan A. Minami, MIT and Stuart Madnick, MIT
Despite
extraordinary efforts by leaders at all levels throughout the
U.S. Army, dozens of soldiers are killed each year as a result
of both combat and motor vehicle accidents. The objective of this
study is to look beyond the events and symptoms of accidents which
normally indicate human error, and instead study the upper-level
organizational processes and problems that may constitute the
actual root causes of accidents. Critical to this process is identifying
critical variables, establishing causality between variables,
and quantifying variables that lead to both resilience against
accidents and propensities for accidents. After reviewing the
available literature we report on our development of a System
Dynamics model, which is an analytical model of the system that
allows for extensive simulation. The results of these simulations
suggest that high-level decisions that balance mission rate and
operations tempo with troop availability, careful management of
the work-rest cycle for deployed troops, and improvement of the
processes for evaluating the lessons learned from accidents, will
lead to a reduction in Army combat and motor vehicle accidents.
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ESD-WP-2007-19
Teaching Systems Thinking to Engineering Undergraduates Using
the CLIOS Process
To be presented at the International Conference on
Engineering Education, August 2007
by
Joseph Sussman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The introductory
science courses taken by engineering undergraduates are usually
intensely reductionist in form, silos in physics, chemistry, biology,
and so forth. Then, their engineering subjects in the early undergraduate
years often tend to be reductionist as well, focusing on a fairly
narrow view of the engineering issues practitioners face. Even
the design classes often do not account for the socio-technical
context for much of the engineering design space that involves
a complex interaction between various technologies and the multiple
stakeholder views.
This paper
describes a subject called Engineering System Design, which attempts
to create a broader perspective for third-year students in engineering—and
indeed in related disciplines in management and planning. It is
a combination of lectures on methods related to systems thinking
and a semester-long class-wide complex socio-technical system
design utilizing these methods and concepts. In recent years,
the case has focused on the transportation of spent nuclear fuel
to Yucca Mountain, Nevada and related issues in global climate
change.
Experiences
in teaching this class will be discussed and some techniques adopted
to enable learning are presented.
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ESD-WP-2007-18
Holistic Trinity of Services Sciences:
Management, Social, & Engineering Sciences
by
Richard C. Larson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Services
industries comprise about 75% of the economy of developed nations.
To design and operate services systems for today and tomorrow,
we need to educate a new type of engineer who focuses not on manufacturing
but on services. Such an engineer must be able to integrate 3
sciences - management, social and engineering – into her
analysis of services systems. Within the context of a new research
center at MIT – CESF (Center for Engineering Systems Fundamentals)
– we show how newly emerging services systems require such
a 3-way holistic analysis. We deliberately select some non-standard
services, as many business services such as supply chains have
been studied extensively.
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ESD-WP-2007-17
Unified Theory of Relativistic Identification of
Information in a Systems Age: Proposed Convergence of Unique
Identification with Syntax and Semantics through Internet Protocol
version 6
by
Shoumen Palit Austin Datta, Research Scientist, Engineering Systems
Division, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Research
Director & Co-Founder, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation,
School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Unique
identification of objects are helpful to the decision making process
in many domains. Decisions, however, are often based on information
that takes into account multiple factors. Physical objects and
their unique identification may be one of many factors. In real-world
scenarios, increasingly decisions are based on collective information
gathered from multiple sources (or systems) and then combined
to a higher level domain that may trigger a decision or action.
Currently, we do not have a globally unique mechanism to identify
information derived from data originating from objects and processes.
Unique identification of information, hence, is an open question.
In addition, information, to be of value, must be related to the
context of the process. In general, contextual information is
of greater relevance in the decision making process or in decision
support systems. In this working paper, I shall refer to such
information as decisionable information. The suggestion here is
to utilize the vast potential of internet protocol version six
(IPv6) to uniquely identify not only objects and processes but
also relationships (semantics) and interfaces (sensors). Convergence
of identification of diverse entities using the globally agreed
structure of IPv6 offers the potential to identify 3.4x1038
instances based on the fact that the 128-bit IPv6 structure can
support 3.4x1038 unique addresses. It is
not necessary that all instances must be connected to the internet
or routed or transmitted simply because an IP addressing scheme
is suggested. This is a means for identification that will be
globally unique and offers the potential to be connected or routed
via the internet. In this working paper, scenarios offer [1] new
revenue potential from data routing (P2P traffic track and trace)
for telecommunication industries, [2] potential for use in healthcare
and biomedical community, [3] scope of use in the semantic web
structure by transitioning URIs used in RDF, [4] applications
involving thousands of mobile ad hoc sensors (MANET) that demand
dynamic adaptive auto-reconfiguration. This paper presents a confluence
of ideas.
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ESD-WP-2007-16
The Use of Information Systems in Collocated and Distributed Teams:
A Test of the 24-Hour Knowledge Factory
by
Satwik Seshasai, Doctoral Candidate, Engineering Systems, MIT;
Alan J. Malter, Assistant Professor, Department of Marketing
Eller College of Management, University of Arizona; and
Amar Gupta, Thomas R. Brown Professor of Management and Technology,
Eller College of Management, University of Arizona
Recent
academic and policy studies focus on offshoring as a cost-of-labor
driven activity that has a direct impact on employment opportunities
in the countries involved. This paper broadens this perspective
by introducing and evaluating the 24-hour knowledge factory as
a model of information systems offshoring that leverages other
strategic factors beyond cost savings. A true 24-hour knowledge
factory ensures that progress is being made on information systems
related tasks at all times of day by utilizing talented information
systems professionals around the globe. Many organizations currently
implement other variants of offshoring that appear similar but
are fundamentally distinct. The typical model is a service provider
framework in which an offshore site provides service to the central
site, often with two centers and a distinction between a primary
center and secondary center. Entire tasks are often outsourced
to the lower-cost overseas site and sent back when completed.
In contrast, the 24-hour knowledge factory involves continuous
and collaborative round-the-clock knowledge production achieved
by sequentially and progressively distributing the knowledge creation
task around the globe, completing one cycle every 24 hours. Thus,
the 24-hour knowledge factory creates a virtual distributed team,
in contrast to a team that is collocated in one site, either onshore
or offshore. By organizing knowledge tasks in this way, the 24-hour
knowledge factory has the potential to work faster, to provide
cheaper solutions, and to achieve better overall performance.
Previous studies have examined individual teams over time and
explored various benefits of distributing work to distant teams,
but have not directly compared the effect of collocation versus
geographic distribution on the use of information systems and
the overall performance over time of two real-world teams working
on a similar task in controlled conditions. This paper highlights
the concept of the 24-hour knowledge factory and tests the model
in a controlled field experiment that directly compares the use
of information systems and subsequent performance in collocated
and globally distributed software development teams. The central
finding is that while collocation versus geographic distribution
changes the way teams use information systems and interact at
key points during a project, each type of team has the potential
to use information systems to leverage its inherent advantages,
to overcome disadvantages, and ultimately, to perform equally
well. In other words, one organizational structure is not inherently
superior nor must structure pre-determine performance. Geographic
distance introduces new challenges but these can be overcome –
and even leveraged for strategic advantage. In sum, our findings
suggest that firms can apply the 24-hour knowledge factory model
to transition from a service provider framework in which offshoring
is a short-term and unilateral cost-saving tactic to a strategic
partnership between centers in which offshoring becomes a core
component of a global corporate strategy.
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ESD-WP-2007-15
Low-Cost Airports for Low-Cost Airlines: Flexible Design to Manage
the Risks
by
Richard de Neufville, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The paradigm
of airport planning and design is changing fundamentally. Low-cost
airlines have become significant drivers of airport planning,
along with aircraft size and other technical factors. They have
different requirements than the “legacy” carriers.
They focus on cost and on alternative ways to handle passengers.
Now being sizeable participants in the air transport industry,
they are influencing airport design. They are central to the proliferation
of secondary airports and metropolitan multi-airport systems.
They are catalyzing the development of cheaper airport terminals
configured internally much differently than traditional designs.
These factors lead to the creation of “low-cost airports”
for low cost carriers around the “legacy main airports”
built to serve the “legacy airlines”. Consistent with
economic theory, the competition between the legacy and low cost
airlines is extending to their major factors of production, that
is, the airports. This competitive reality creates great uncertainty
and poses substantial strategic issues for airport and airline
managers and planners.
The paradigm
shift introduces great risks into practice. The paper proposes
a flexible design strategy to deal with such uncertainties. This
is significantly different from traditional airport master planning.
The core element is to build “real options” into the
design, which allow the airport owners to match the development
to the way the traffic demands unfold in the decades ahead. A
review of developments in Portugal illustrates the current risks
in airport development, and suggests how airport owners and investors
could apply flexible design process to develop a strategy that
would manage these uncertainties to maximize expected value.
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ESD-WP-2007-13
An Algorithm and Metric for Network Decomposition from Similarity
Matrices: Application to Positional Analyses
by
Mo-Han Hsieh, Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology and Christopher L. Magee, Engineering Systems Division
& Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
We present
an algorithm for decomposing a social network into an optimal
number of structurally equivalent classes. The k-means method
is used to determine the best decomposition of the social network
for various numbers of subgroups. The best number of subgroups
into which to decompose a network is determined by minimizing
the intra-cluster variance of similarity subject to the constraint
that the improvement in going to more subgroups is better than
a random network would achieve. We also describe a decomposability
metric that assesses how closely the derived decomposition approaches
an ideal network having only structurally equivalent classes.
Three
well known network data sets were used to demonstrate the algorithm
and decomposability metric. These demonstrations indicate the
utility of the approach and suggest how it can be used in a complementary
way to the Generalized Blockmodeling.
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ESD-WP-2007-12
Combating System-Level Quality Problems in Complex Product Development
by
Daniel E. Whitney, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
As products
become more complex and their development involves more technologies,
people, and companies, it is no longer sufficient to ensure that
each part, component, or subsystem is designed and made correctly.
Problems that involve many distinct elements can still arise,
even if each is designed according to the specifications. Practitioners
speak of Murphy’s Law and “sneak paths,” while
academics refer to “emergent properties” and “undocumented
interactions.” The goal of this paper is to look at this
problem from the outside, focusing on Ford and two non-competing
companies whose products are also complex: United Technologies
and Boeing. Interviews were conducted with senior management and
lower level supervisors, focusing on both official processes and
anecdotal reports on what works and what does not.
To complement
the interviews, research on product development was reviewed to
see what it says about development of complex systems. Analogous
to the system-level problem in product development is the system
accident problem. Example system accidents include capsizing ferry
boats and nuclear power plant failures. System accidents have
been the subject of intense research for several decades. Discussions
with ESD faculty interested in system safety led me to consult
this literature as well. The similarities with product development
challenges are obvious: complex technical systems addressed by
large groups of people with diverse skills and cultures. No one,
to my knowledge, has sought to link product development research
with system accident research. This study confirms my belief that
such a linkage could prove very fruitful.
Complex
products and systems are hard to design because a) they contain
complex components, and b) because those components interact in
complex and sometimes unpredictable ways. There is a limit to
the ability of design and management processes to anticipate all
of these emergent system behaviors. The ability of people to notice
and discover these behaviors by themselves needs to be included
in the way product development is managed. New attitudes and expectations
are required, but new organizational structures may not be. (In
fact, none of the known structures (functional, program, matrix,
etc.) have proven totally satisfactory or durable.) Instead, the
existing organizations need additional flexibility to accommodate
some unscripted boundary crossing by people who know what to look
for and are encouraged to do so. Such unscripted activities mirror
the unanticipated emergent system behaviors and are so far the
only proven response to them. This is the lesson from system accident
and High Reliability Organization research. Yet managers of complex
product development activities seem to have an irresistible urge
to add more checklists, health charts, and procedures in an attempt
to rein in unpredictable problems. The contrasting approaches
described above could be called “top-down” and “bottom-up.”
In various academic literatures, top-down is also called mechanistic,
reductionist, and having the process perspective. Correspondingly,
the bottom-up approach is also called organic, holistic, and taking
the practice perspective. The message from this study is that
neither of these approaches can be counted on to suffice alone,
but that top-down has been given more play and confidence, while
bottom-up has not been given enough, except in special circumstances.
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ESD-WP-2007-11
Aircraft System Design Graduate Curriculum: A Lifecycle Focus
by
Earll M. Murman and Paul A. Lagacé, Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics, and Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
Aircraft
system design encompasses technical, social and lifecycle topics,
and is suitable for graduate studies at the masters level and
beyond. Several degree programs in MIT’s School of Engineering
offer opportunities for students seeking subjects and degrees
in this area. These programs are summarized, and one subject on
Aircraft Systems Engineering is introduced as an illustration
of content and pedagogy addressing lifecycle topics. Based upon
several years of experience of participation in these programs
and in offering curriculum, the authors put forward seven observations
to stimulate further dialog and progress on this topic.
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ESD-WP-2007-10
A Classification of Uncertainty for
Early Product and System Design
by
Olivier de Weck, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Claudia
Eckert, University of Cambridge
Complex
systems and products evolve over years to meet new requirements,
while applying tried and tested technology. To maximise the reuse
of components through the life span, companies need to plan for
the changes that they can anticipate, and facilitate accommodation
of such changes in the original architecture and design of the
system. Methods such as design for flexibility or design for changeability
promote incorporation of future uncertain outcomes into system
and product design in one way or another. However, the degree
to which future product changes can be planned depends on the
uncertainties that the system, product or product family is subject
to. A deeper understanding of these uncertainties is the focus
of this paper. The paper first provides a brief literature survey,
and discusses the sources and nature of uncertainty. This is followed
by a classification of the types of uncertainties that are often
encountered and that should be considered, as well as methods
and techniques for modelling these uncertainties for incorporation
in system design. The paper also provides examples of uncertainties
for a variety of systems and products throughout and concludes
with an uncertainty checklist for system architects and product
designers.
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ESD-WP-2007-09
Managing Complexity with the Department of Defense Architecture
Framework: Development of a Dynamic
System Architecture Model
by
Matthew G. Richards, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Nirav B. Shah, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Daniel E. Hastings, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
Donna H. Rhodes Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Architecture
frameworks are tools for managing system complexity by structuring
data in a common language and format. By characterizing the form,
function, and rules governing systems, architecture frameworks
serve as a communication tool to stakeholder communities with
different views of the system and facilitate comparative evaluation
across architectures. The goal of this research is to explore
the applicability of architecture frameworks to the study of emergent
properties of satellites. The U.S. Department of Defense Architecture
Framework was selected to achieve this goal given its orientation
towards technical systems in contrast to the majority of architecture
frameworks focused on business enterprises. Although developed
by military planners in the 1990’s to support the acquisition
of interoperable information systems, the Department of Defense
Architecture Framework can be used to connect operational concepts
and capabilities to the technical architecture of any system.
While the views of the Department of Defense Architecture Framework
are well-defined, little guidance is provided on how the views
are to be constructed. Vitech Corporation’s software program
CORE,® a systems engineering modeling tool with the ability
rapidly to produce architecture views from a common data repository,
was employed to complete Department of Defense Architecture Frameworks
for the Hubble Space Telescope.
Upon characterizing
Hubble within this common structure, the value of the Department
of Defense Architecture Framework for conducting dynamic quantitative
analyses of system architectures was explored. A methodology is
proposed and tested for evaluating human and robotic architectures
for on-orbit servicing—the extension of the useful life
of spacecraft through refueling, upgrading, repair, relocation,
et al. In particular, a multi-year servicing campaign is modeled
for Hubble including behavioral threads that characterize the
Orbiting Observatory, servicing architecture, and science customers.
Preliminary results indicate that, when coupled with an executable
model, the Department of Defense Architecture Framework can be
utilized for dynamic quantitative evaluation of space system architectures.
The paper concludes with lessons learned from using the Department
of Defense Architecture Framework and proposes improvements for
the application of its static views to model-based systems engineering.
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ESD-WP-2007-08
Superfund: An Assessment of Superfund Site Remedy Selectioin and
Implementation
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
Lisa M. Jakobovits, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Valerie J. Karplus, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Robert E. Love, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
J. Decker Ringo, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Timothy A. Sutherland, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here to download a
three page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-07
Strategies for Water Reclamation: The Role of Policy and Technology
in the Las Vegas Water Supply
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
Anna N. Allen, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Christopher W. Evans, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Tarek Rached, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Hsin Min Wong, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here to download a
three page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-06
Policy Issues in Implementing Smart Cards in Urban Public Transit
Systems
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
Makoto Eguchi, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Susan Fredholm, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Shan Liu, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Paulina Ponce de León Baridó, MIT, Technology and
Policy Program
Jacqueline Ye, MIT
Click
here to download a
three page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-05
Barriers to the Success of 100%
Maritime Cargo Container Scanning
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
R. Cirincione, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
A. Cosmas, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
C. Low, MIT
J. Peck, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
J. Wilds, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here to download a
three page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-04
Pathways to a Trusted Electronic Voting System
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
Jeremiah Connolly, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Romain Lévy, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Johnathan Lindsey, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Judith Maro, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Juan Martin, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here to download a
four page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-03
Avian Influenza Pre-Pandemic Procurement:
Recommendations for the US Federal Government
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
Sarah Bird, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Timothy Heidel, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Meghan McGuinness, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Katsunobu Sasanuma, MIT
Junjay Tan, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here to download a
five page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-02
U.S. response to an Oil Import Disruption
Role of the Federal Government in Light Duty Vehicle Transportation
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
Kyle Frazier, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Romain Lacombe, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Dai Ohama, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Faaiza Rashid, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Monica Rush, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here to download a
one page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-01
Identifying the Dynamics of Technology Transition: ADS-B Adoption
in the National Airspace System
Final Report – ESD.10 Introduction to Technology
and Policy
by
Norma Campos, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Robert Holcombe, MIT
Misha Leybovich, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Zoe Szajnfarber, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Hidigunnur Thorsteinsson, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here to download a
three page Executive Summary (.pdf).
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