Introduction:
Learn
more:
Short
Takes on the Literature
- In the burgeoning literature on engineering
systems and related fields, we can all use
some navigational aids. To that end, the
ESD Working Paper series introduces a new
feature "Short Takes on the Literature"
in which brief informal commentaries by
MIT people on books, reports and papers
in our field are made available to the community.
We hope you find these of value and will
also see fit to contribute your own opinions
on the literature as well.
List
of Papers for 2007:
(in reverse chronological
order)
ESD-WP-2007-28
Stopping Pandemic Flu: Government and Community
Interventions in a Multi-Community Model
by
Karima R. Nigmatulina, MIT Operations Research
Center, and
Richard C. Larson, MIT Engineering Systems
and Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Engineering Systems Division
Focusing
on mitigation strategies for global pandemic
influenza, we use elementary mathematical
models to evaluate the implementation and
timing of intervention strategies such as
travel restrictions, vaccination, social
distancing and improved hygiene. A spreadsheet
model of infection spread between several
linked heterogeneous communities is based
on analytical calculations and Monte Carlo
simulations. Since human behavior will likely
change during the course of a pandemic,
thereby altering the dynamics of the disease,
we incorporate a feedback parameter into
our model to reflect altered behavior. Our
results indicate that while a flu pandemic
could be devastating; there are coping methods
that when implemented quickly and correctly
can significantly mitigate the severity
of a global outbreak.
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ESD-WP-2007-26
Measuring Systems Engineering Success:
Insights from Baseball
by
Craig Blackburn, MIT Lean Advancement Initiative
and
Ricardo Valerdi, MIT Lean Advancement Initiative
Optimizing
the efficiency of socio-technical systems
and determining accurate measurements of
performance is a critical issue in many
systems engineering enterprises. In our
analysis we explore some of the recurring
themes of Michael Lewis’s study of
baseball, depicted in the best selling book
Moneyball, and make the connection to corresponding
Systems Engineering principles of interest.
The paper will focus on the Systems Engineering
roadmap inspired by Lewis’ study for
developing and refining a meaningful set
of metrics for organizational transformation.
The following steps are highlighted to convey
this transformation with the assistance
of metrics: identify and understand value
in the enterprise and your organization;
consider an integrated system focus in your
organization; use cost analysis methods
to implement a strategy for executing the
transformation; and manage risk throughout
operations and improve the process continuously.
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ESD-WP-2007-25
Ranking the Risks from Multiple Hazards
in a Small Community
by
Hua Li, MIT Engineering Systems Division;
George E. Apostolakis*, MIT Engineering
Systems Division and
Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering;
Joseph Gifun, MIT Department of Facilities;
William
VanSchalkwyk, MIT Office of the Executive
Vice President & Treasurer;
Susan Leite, MIT Office of Environment,
Health & Safety; and
David Barber, MIT Campus Police
Natural
hazards, human-induced accidents, and malicious
acts have caused great losses and disruptions
to society. After September 11, 2001, critical
infrastructure protection has become a national
focus in the United States and is likely
to remain one for the foreseeable future.
Damage to our infrastructures and assets
could be mitigated through pre-disaster
planning and actions. We have developed
a systematic methodology to assess and rank
the risks from these multiple hazards in
a community of 20,000 people. It is an interdisciplinary
study that includes probabilistic risk assessment,
decision analysis, and expert judgment.
Scenarios are constructed to show how the
initiating events evolve into undesirable
consequences. A value tree, based on multi-attribute
utility theory, is used to capture the decision
maker’s preferences about the impacts
on the infrastructures and other assets.
The risks from random failures are ranked
according to their Expected Performance
Index, which is the product of frequency,
probability, and consequence of a scenario.
Risks from malicious acts are ranked according
to their Performance Index as the frequency
of attack is not available. A deliberative
process is used to capture the factors that
could not be addressed in the analysis and
to scrutinize the results. This methodology
provides a framework for the development
of a risk-informed decision strategy. Although
this study uses the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology campus as a test-bed, it is
a general methodology that could be used
by other similar communities and municipalities.
*Corresponding
author
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ESD-WP-2007-24
Decision Support and Systems Interoperability
in Global Business Management
by
Shoumen Palit Austin Datta, Engineering
Systems Division, MIT and MIT Forum for
Supply Chain Innovation;
JrJung Lyu and Ping-Shun Chen, Department
of Industrial and Information Management,
National Cheng Kung University
Globalization
of business and volatility of financial
markets has catapulted ‘cycle-time’
as a key indicator of operational efficiency
in business processes. Systems automation
holds the promise to augment the ability
of business and healthcare networks to rapidly
adapt to changes or respond, with minimal
human intervention, under ideal conditions.
Currently, system of systems (SOS) or organization
of networks contribute minimally in making
decisions because collaboration remains
elusive due the challenges of complexity.
Convergence and maturity of research offers
the potential for a paradigm shift in interoperability.
This paper explores some of these trends
and related technologies. Irrespective of
the characteristics of information systems,
the development of various industry-contributed
ontologies for knowledge and decision layers,
may spur self-organizing SOS to increase
the ability to sense and respond. Profitability
from pervasive use of ontological frameworks
and agent-based modeling may depend on the
ability to use them through better enterprise
and extraprise exchange.
>
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ESD-WP-2007-23
Congestion Pricing: A Parking Queue Model
by
Richard C. Larson, Center for Engineering
Systems Fundamentals, MIT, and Katsunobu
Sasanuma, MIT
Congestion
pricing imposes a usage fee on a public
resource during times of high demand. Road
pricing involves cordoning off
a section of the city and imposing a fee
on vehicles that enter it. Parking
pricing increases the costs of
on-street and perhaps off-street parking.
Following an historical review, we develop
a new queueing model of the parking pricing
problem, recognizing that many urban drivers
are simply looking for available on-street
parking. Often, reducing the number of such
“cruising drivers” would reduce
urban road congestion dramatically, perhaps
as effectively as cordoning off the center
city.
>
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ESD-WP-2007-22
Pandemic Flu: Yes, We Can Do Something About
It!
by
Richard C. Larson, Center for Engineering
Systems Fundamentals, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
The
emergence of influenza with virulence comparable
to the famous 1918-1919 “Spanish Flu”
has the potential to kill hundreds of millions
of people worldwide. Should we find ourselves
being forced to ‘live with the flu,’
it is imperative that we recognize that
there are things that we can do –
many simple – that may decrease the
chance of our loved ones, our co-workers
and ourselves becoming infected with the
flu. The key is to decrease the number of
new infections created by each newly infected
person. And this relates to mathematical
modeling of the disease, a very simple example
of which is shown here.
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ESD-WP-2007-21
A Novel Engineering Systems Approach for
Bioengineering Education: the MIT-Portugal
Collaboration
by
Junjay Tan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
Dava J. Newman , Massachusetts Institute
of Technology;
Joaquim M.S. Cabral, Institute for Biotechnology
and Bioengineering;
Manuel Mota, Institute for Biotechnology
and Bioengineering; and
Manuel Nunes da Ponte, 5Instituto de Tecnologia
Química e Biológica
This
paper discusses the importance of an engineering
systems approach to international bioengineering
education and how a new educational research
program, the MIT-Portugal Program Bioengineering
Systems focus area, aims to develop future
global bioengineering leaders. The program,
comprising both post-graduate advanced studies
and doctoral programs, commences in September
2007. Several other international-collaborative
educational and research programs—such
as the Cambridge-MIT Institute, the Singapore
MIT Alliance, and the Socrates/Erasmus “Erasmus
Programme”—offer lessons learned
in international collaboration. The MPP
Bioengineering Systems program differs from
these programs in several respects. The
unique collaboration in MPP offers an engineering
systems approach, a joint degree offered
by three Portuguese universities, and collaborative
teaching and research efforts between MIT
and Portuguese faculty and students.
>
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ESD-WP-2007-20
Protecting the Force: Reducing Combat Vehicle
Accidents via Improved Organizational Processes
by
Nathan A. Minami, MIT and Stuart Madnick,
MIT
Despite
extraordinary efforts by leaders at all
levels throughout the U.S. Army, dozens
of soldiers are killed each year as a result
of both combat and motor vehicle accidents.
The objective of this study is to look beyond
the events and symptoms of accidents which
normally indicate human error, and instead
study the upper-level organizational processes
and problems that may constitute the actual
root causes of accidents. Critical to this
process is identifying critical variables,
establishing causality between variables,
and quantifying variables that lead to both
resilience against accidents and propensities
for accidents. After reviewing the available
literature we report on our development
of a System Dynamics model, which is an
analytical model of the system that allows
for extensive simulation. The results of
these simulations suggest that high-level
decisions that balance mission rate and
operations tempo with troop availability,
careful management of the work-rest cycle
for deployed troops, and improvement of
the processes for evaluating the lessons
learned from accidents, will lead to a reduction
in Army combat and motor vehicle accidents.
>
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ESD-WP-2007-19
Teaching Systems Thinking to Engineering
Undergraduates Using the CLIOS Process
To be presented at the International
Conference on Engineering Education,
August 2007
by
Joseph Sussman, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
The
introductory science courses taken by engineering
undergraduates are usually intensely reductionist
in form, silos in physics, chemistry, biology,
and so forth. Then, their engineering subjects
in the early undergraduate years often tend
to be reductionist as well, focusing on
a fairly narrow view of the engineering
issues practitioners face. Even the design
classes often do not account for the socio-technical
context for much of the engineering design
space that involves a complex interaction
between various technologies and the multiple
stakeholder views.
This
paper describes a subject called Engineering
System Design, which attempts to create
a broader perspective for third-year students
in engineering—and indeed in related
disciplines in management and planning.
It is a combination of lectures on methods
related to systems thinking and a semester-long
class-wide complex socio-technical system
design utilizing these methods and concepts.
In recent years, the case has focused on
the transportation of spent nuclear fuel
to Yucca Mountain, Nevada and related issues
in global climate change.
Experiences
in teaching this class will be discussed
and some techniques adopted to enable learning
are presented.
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ESD-WP-2007-18
Holistic Trinity of Services Sciences:
Management, Social, & Engineering Sciences
by
Richard C. Larson, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Services
industries comprise about 75% of the economy
of developed nations. To design and operate
services systems for today and tomorrow,
we need to educate a new type of engineer
who focuses not on manufacturing but on
services. Such an engineer must be able
to integrate 3 sciences - management, social
and engineering – into her analysis
of services systems. Within the context
of a new research center at MIT –
CESF (Center for Engineering Systems Fundamentals)
– we show how newly emerging services
systems require such a 3-way holistic analysis.
We deliberately select some non-standard
services, as many business services such
as supply chains have been studied extensively.
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ESD-WP-2007-17
Unified Theory of Relativistic Identification
of
Information in a Systems Age: Proposed
Convergence of Unique Identification with
Syntax and Semantics through Internet Protocol
version 6
by
Shoumen Palit Austin Datta, Research Scientist,
Engineering Systems Division, Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Research Director & Co-Founder, MIT
Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School
of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Unique
identification of objects are helpful to
the decision making process in many domains.
Decisions, however, are often based on information
that takes into account multiple factors.
Physical objects and their unique identification
may be one of many factors. In real-world
scenarios, increasingly decisions are based
on collective information gathered from
multiple sources (or systems) and then combined
to a higher level domain that may trigger
a decision or action. Currently, we do not
have a globally unique mechanism to identify
information derived from data originating
from objects and processes. Unique identification
of information, hence, is an open question.
In addition, information, to be of value,
must be related to the context of the process.
In general, contextual information is of
greater relevance in the decision making
process or in decision support systems.
In this working paper, I shall refer to
such information as decisionable information.
The suggestion here is to utilize the vast
potential of internet protocol version six
(IPv6) to uniquely identify not only objects
and processes but also relationships (semantics)
and interfaces (sensors). Convergence of
identification of diverse entities using
the globally agreed structure of IPv6 offers
the potential to identify 3.4x1038
instances based on the fact that the 128-bit
IPv6 structure can support 3.4x1038
unique addresses. It is not necessary that
all instances must be connected to the internet
or routed or transmitted simply because
an IP addressing scheme is suggested. This
is a means for identification that will
be globally unique and offers the potential
to be connected or routed via the internet.
In this working paper, scenarios offer [1]
new revenue potential from data routing
(P2P traffic track and trace) for telecommunication
industries, [2] potential for use in healthcare
and biomedical community, [3] scope of use
in the semantic web structure by transitioning
URIs used in RDF, [4] applications involving
thousands of mobile ad hoc sensors (MANET)
that demand dynamic adaptive auto-reconfiguration.
This paper presents a confluence of ideas.
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ESD-WP-2007-16
The Use of Information Systems in Collocated
and Distributed Teams: A Test of the 24-Hour
Knowledge Factory
by
Satwik Seshasai, Doctoral Candidate, Engineering
Systems, MIT;
Alan J. Malter, Assistant Professor, Department
of Marketing
Eller College of Management, University
of Arizona; and
Amar Gupta, Thomas R. Brown Professor of
Management and Technology, Eller College
of Management, University of Arizona
Recent
academic and policy studies focus on offshoring
as a cost-of-labor driven activity that
has a direct impact on employment opportunities
in the countries involved. This paper broadens
this perspective by introducing and evaluating
the 24-hour knowledge factory as a model
of information systems offshoring that leverages
other strategic factors beyond cost savings.
A true 24-hour knowledge factory ensures
that progress is being made on information
systems related tasks at all times of day
by utilizing talented information systems
professionals around the globe. Many organizations
currently implement other variants of offshoring
that appear similar but are fundamentally
distinct. The typical model is a service
provider framework in which an offshore
site provides service to the central site,
often with two centers and a distinction
between a primary center and secondary center.
Entire tasks are often outsourced to the
lower-cost overseas site and sent back when
completed. In contrast, the 24-hour knowledge
factory involves continuous and collaborative
round-the-clock knowledge production achieved
by sequentially and progressively distributing
the knowledge creation task around the globe,
completing one cycle every 24 hours. Thus,
the 24-hour knowledge factory creates a
virtual distributed team, in contrast to
a team that is collocated in one site, either
onshore or offshore. By organizing knowledge
tasks in this way, the 24-hour knowledge
factory has the potential to work faster,
to provide cheaper solutions, and to achieve
better overall performance. Previous studies
have examined individual teams over time
and explored various benefits of distributing
work to distant teams, but have not directly
compared the effect of collocation versus
geographic distribution on the use of information
systems and the overall performance over
time of two real-world teams working on
a similar task in controlled conditions.
This paper highlights the concept of the
24-hour knowledge factory and tests the
model in a controlled field experiment that
directly compares the use of information
systems and subsequent performance in collocated
and globally distributed software development
teams. The central finding is that while
collocation versus geographic distribution
changes the way teams use information systems
and interact at key points during a project,
each type of team has the potential to use
information systems to leverage its inherent
advantages, to overcome disadvantages, and
ultimately, to perform equally well. In
other words, one organizational structure
is not inherently superior nor must structure
pre-determine performance. Geographic distance
introduces new challenges but these can
be overcome – and even leveraged for
strategic advantage. In sum, our findings
suggest that firms can apply the 24-hour
knowledge factory model to transition from
a service provider framework in which offshoring
is a short-term and unilateral cost-saving
tactic to a strategic partnership between
centers in which offshoring becomes a core
component of a global corporate strategy.
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ESD-WP-2007-15
Low-Cost Airports for Low-Cost Airlines:
Flexible Design to Manage the Risks
by
Richard de Neufville, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
The
paradigm of airport planning and design
is changing fundamentally. Low-cost airlines
have become significant drivers of airport
planning, along with aircraft size and other
technical factors. They have different requirements
than the “legacy” carriers.
They focus on cost and on alternative ways
to handle passengers. Now being sizeable
participants in the air transport industry,
they are influencing airport design. They
are central to the proliferation of secondary
airports and metropolitan multi-airport
systems. They are catalyzing the development
of cheaper airport terminals configured
internally much differently than traditional
designs. These factors lead to the creation
of “low-cost airports” for low
cost carriers around the “legacy main
airports” built to serve the “legacy
airlines”. Consistent with economic
theory, the competition between the legacy
and low cost airlines is extending to their
major factors of production, that is, the
airports. This competitive reality creates
great uncertainty and poses substantial
strategic issues for airport and airline
managers and planners.
The
paradigm shift introduces great risks into
practice. The paper proposes a flexible
design strategy to deal with such uncertainties.
This is significantly different from traditional
airport master planning. The core element
is to build “real options” into
the design, which allow the airport owners
to match the development to the way the
traffic demands unfold in the decades ahead.
A review of developments in Portugal illustrates
the current risks in airport development,
and suggests how airport owners and investors
could apply flexible design process to develop
a strategy that would manage these uncertainties
to maximize expected value.
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ESD-WP-2007-13
An Algorithm and Metric for Network Decomposition
from Similarity Matrices: Application to
Positional Analyses
by
Mo-Han Hsieh, Engineering Systems Division,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
Christopher L. Magee, Engineering Systems
Division & Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
We
present an algorithm for decomposing a social
network into an optimal number of structurally
equivalent classes. The k-means method is
used to determine the best decomposition
of the social network for various numbers
of subgroups. The best number of subgroups
into which to decompose a network is determined
by minimizing the intra-cluster variance
of similarity subject to the constraint
that the improvement in going to more subgroups
is better than a random network would achieve.
We also describe a decomposability metric
that assesses how closely the derived decomposition
approaches an ideal network having only
structurally equivalent classes.
Three
well known network data sets were used to
demonstrate the algorithm and decomposability
metric. These demonstrations indicate the
utility of the approach and suggest how
it can be used in a complementary way to
the Generalized Blockmodeling.
>
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ESD-WP-2007-12
Combating System-Level Quality Problems
in Complex Product Development
by
Daniel E. Whitney, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
As
products become more complex and their development
involves more technologies, people, and
companies, it is no longer sufficient to
ensure that each part, component, or subsystem
is designed and made correctly. Problems
that involve many distinct elements can
still arise, even if each is designed according
to the specifications. Practitioners speak
of Murphy’s Law and “sneak paths,”
while academics refer to “emergent
properties” and “undocumented
interactions.” The goal of this paper
is to look at this problem from the outside,
focusing on Ford and two non-competing companies
whose products are also complex: United
Technologies and Boeing. Interviews were
conducted with senior management and lower
level supervisors, focusing on both official
processes and anecdotal reports on what
works and what does not.
To
complement the interviews, research on product
development was reviewed to see what it
says about development of complex systems.
Analogous to the system-level problem in
product development is the system accident
problem. Example system accidents include
capsizing ferry boats and nuclear power
plant failures. System accidents have been
the subject of intense research for several
decades. Discussions with ESD faculty interested
in system safety led me to consult this
literature as well. The similarities with
product development challenges are obvious:
complex technical systems addressed by large
groups of people with diverse skills and
cultures. No one, to my knowledge, has sought
to link product development research with
system accident research. This study confirms
my belief that such a linkage could prove
very fruitful.
Complex
products and systems are hard to design
because a) they contain complex components,
and b) because those components interact
in complex and sometimes unpredictable ways.
There is a limit to the ability of design
and management processes to anticipate all
of these emergent system behaviors. The
ability of people to notice and discover
these behaviors by themselves needs to be
included in the way product development
is managed. New attitudes and expectations
are required, but new organizational structures
may not be. (In fact, none of the known
structures (functional, program, matrix,
etc.) have proven totally satisfactory or
durable.) Instead, the existing organizations
need additional flexibility to accommodate
some unscripted boundary crossing by people
who know what to look for and are encouraged
to do so. Such unscripted activities mirror
the unanticipated emergent system behaviors
and are so far the only proven response
to them. This is the lesson from system
accident and High Reliability Organization
research. Yet managers of complex product
development activities seem to have an irresistible
urge to add more checklists, health charts,
and procedures in an attempt to rein in
unpredictable problems. The contrasting
approaches described above could be called
“top-down” and “bottom-up.”
In various academic literatures, top-down
is also called mechanistic, reductionist,
and having the process perspective. Correspondingly,
the bottom-up approach is also called organic,
holistic, and taking the practice perspective.
The message from this study is that neither
of these approaches can be counted on to
suffice alone, but that top-down has been
given more play and confidence, while bottom-up
has not been given enough, except in special
circumstances.
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ESD-WP-2007-11
Aircraft System Design Graduate Curriculum:
A Lifecycle Focus
by
Earll M. Murman and Paul A. Lagacé,
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
and Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
Aircraft
system design encompasses technical, social
and lifecycle topics, and is suitable for
graduate studies at the masters level and
beyond. Several degree programs in MIT’s
School of Engineering offer opportunities
for students seeking subjects and degrees
in this area. These programs are summarized,
and one subject on Aircraft Systems Engineering
is introduced as an illustration of content
and pedagogy addressing lifecycle topics.
Based upon several years of experience of
participation in these programs and in offering
curriculum, the authors put forward seven
observations to stimulate further dialog
and progress on this topic.
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ESD-WP-2007-10
A Classification of Uncertainty for
Early Product and System Design
by
Olivier de Weck, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology and Claudia Eckert, University
of Cambridge
Complex
systems and products evolve over years to
meet new requirements, while applying tried
and tested technology. To maximise the reuse
of components through the life span, companies
need to plan for the changes that they can
anticipate, and facilitate accommodation
of such changes in the original architecture
and design of the system. Methods such as
design for flexibility or design for changeability
promote incorporation of future uncertain
outcomes into system and product design
in one way or another. However, the degree
to which future product changes can be planned
depends on the uncertainties that the system,
product or product family is subject to.
A deeper understanding of these uncertainties
is the focus of this paper. The paper first
provides a brief literature survey, and
discusses the sources and nature of uncertainty.
This is followed by a classification of
the types of uncertainties that are often
encountered and that should be considered,
as well as methods and techniques for modelling
these uncertainties for incorporation in
system design. The paper also provides examples
of uncertainties for a variety of systems
and products throughout and concludes with
an uncertainty checklist for system architects
and product designers.
>
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ESD-WP-2007-09
Managing Complexity with the Department
of Defense Architecture Framework: Development
of a Dynamic
System Architecture Model
by
Matthew G. Richards, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Nirav B. Shah, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Daniel E. Hastings, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology and
Donna H. Rhodes Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Architecture
frameworks are tools for managing system
complexity by structuring data in a common
language and format. By characterizing the
form, function, and rules governing systems,
architecture frameworks serve as a communication
tool to stakeholder communities with different
views of the system and facilitate comparative
evaluation across architectures. The goal
of this research is to explore the applicability
of architecture frameworks to the study
of emergent properties of satellites. The
U.S. Department of Defense Architecture
Framework was selected to achieve this goal
given its orientation towards technical
systems in contrast to the majority of architecture
frameworks focused on business enterprises.
Although developed by military planners
in the 1990’s to support the acquisition
of interoperable information systems, the
Department of Defense Architecture Framework
can be used to connect operational concepts
and capabilities to the technical architecture
of any system. While the views of the Department
of Defense Architecture Framework are well-defined,
little guidance is provided on how the views
are to be constructed. Vitech Corporation’s
software program CORE,® a systems engineering
modeling tool with the ability rapidly to
produce architecture views from a common
data repository, was employed to complete
Department of Defense Architecture Frameworks
for the Hubble Space Telescope.
Upon
characterizing Hubble within this common
structure, the value of the Department of
Defense Architecture Framework for conducting
dynamic quantitative analyses of system
architectures was explored. A methodology
is proposed and tested for evaluating human
and robotic architectures for on-orbit servicing—the
extension of the useful life of spacecraft
through refueling, upgrading, repair, relocation,
et al. In particular, a multi-year servicing
campaign is modeled for Hubble including
behavioral threads that characterize the
Orbiting Observatory, servicing architecture,
and science customers. Preliminary results
indicate that, when coupled with an executable
model, the Department of Defense Architecture
Framework can be utilized for dynamic quantitative
evaluation of space system architectures.
The paper concludes with lessons learned
from using the Department of Defense Architecture
Framework and proposes improvements for
the application of its static views to model-based
systems engineering.
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ESD-WP-2007-08
Superfund: An Assessment of Superfund Site
Remedy Selectioin and Implementation
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
Lisa M. Jakobovits, MIT, Technology and
Policy Program
Valerie J. Karplus, MIT, Technology and
Policy Program
Robert E. Love, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
J. Decker Ringo, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Timothy A. Sutherland, MIT, Technology and
Policy Program
Click
here
to download a three page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
>
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ESD-WP-2007-07
Strategies for Water Reclamation: The Role
of Policy and Technology in the Las Vegas
Water Supply
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
Anna N. Allen, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Christopher W. Evans, MIT, Technology and
Policy Program
Tarek Rached, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Hsin Min Wong, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Click
here
to download a three page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
>
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ESD-WP-2007-06
Policy Issues in Implementing Smart Cards
in Urban Public Transit Systems
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
Makoto Eguchi, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Susan Fredholm, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Shan Liu, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Paulina Ponce de León Baridó,
MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Jacqueline Ye, MIT
Click
here
to download a three page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
>
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ESD-WP-2007-05
Barriers to the Success of 100%
Maritime Cargo Container Scanning
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
R. Cirincione, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
A. Cosmas, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
C. Low, MIT
J. Peck, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
J. Wilds, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here
to download a three page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
>
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ESD-WP-2007-04
Pathways to a Trusted Electronic Voting
System
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
Jeremiah Connolly, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Romain Lévy, MIT, Technology and
Policy Program
Johnathan Lindsey, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Judith Maro, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Juan Martin, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Click
here
to download a four page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-03
Avian Influenza Pre-Pandemic Procurement:
Recommendations for the US Federal Government
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
Sarah Bird, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Timothy Heidel, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Meghan McGuinness, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Katsunobu Sasanuma, MIT
Junjay Tan, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Click
here
to download a five page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
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top
ESD-WP-2007-02
U.S. response to an Oil Import Disruption
Role of the Federal Government in Light
Duty Vehicle Transportation
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
Kyle Frazier, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Romain Lacombe, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Dai Ohama, MIT, Technology and Policy Program
Faaiza Rashid, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Monica Rush, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Click
here
to download a one page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
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ESD-WP-2007-01
Identifying the Dynamics of Technology Transition:
ADS-B Adoption in the National Airspace
System
Final Report – ESD.10
Introduction to Technology and Policy
by
Norma Campos, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Robert Holcombe, MIT
Misha Leybovich, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Zoe Szajnfarber, MIT, Technology and Policy
Program
Hidigunnur Thorsteinsson, MIT, Technology
and Policy Program
Click
here
to download a three page Executive Summary
(.pdf).
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